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Eating Fish During Pregnancy May Up Fetal Growth

May 13, 2004

NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Women who regularly eat fish during the late stages of pregnancy appear to be less likely have a low-birth weight infant, according to new study findings published on Thursday. A group of British investigators found that the infants of women who ate no fish while pregnant had a 37-percent higher chance of being very small for their stage of development, a condition known as intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), than the infants of women who ate the most fish.
Study author Dr. Imogen Rogers warned that more research is needed before it can be recommended that all pregnant women boost their fish intake. "However, (the results) reinforce the current advice given to pregnant women in the UK, which is to eat two portions of fish a week, including one portion of oily fish," she noted. Rogers added that some fish contains high levels of mercury, which can damage the fetus' developing nervous system if eaten in high quantities. She recommends that women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant should avoid eating marlin and swordfish and limit their intake of tuna, all of which contain high levels of mercury. "However, most fish contain relatively low levels of mercury, and the potential dangers of low-level mercury consumption need to be balanced against other potential benefits of eating fish," she said.
To investigate whether fish intake influences fetal growth, Rogers of the University of Bristol and her team asked more than 11,000 women at 32 weeks of pregnancy how much fish they ate, then noted their babies' birth weights. On average, women ate almost 33 grams of fish each day, equivalent to one third of a small can of tuna. Rogers told Reuters Health that the reasons why fish may help fetuses grow remain unclear. Fish contains omega-3 fatty acids, she said, which may boost blood flow to the placenta, bringing more nutrients to the fetus. Rogers and her team report their findings in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. SOURCE: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, June 2004.

BBC News - Fish diet 'boosts foetal growth'

Thursday, 13 May, 2004

A mother-to-be who eats fish during the later stages of pregnancy is less likely to have a very small baby, research suggests.
However, the University of Bristol team found no evidence a fish rich diet extends the length of pregnancy.
Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of health problems such as heart disease and diabetes. The research, based on almost 12,000 women, is published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

This work adds to the evidence that fish is an important part of the human diet.

Dr Imogen Rogers
The researchers asked the women to record their fish consumption at 32 weeks of pregnancy. From this, they calculated their intake of omega-3 fatty acids from fish. It is thought that these fatty acids have a beneficial effect on health. On average, the women ate the equivalent of a third of a small can of tuna each day - equating to 0.15g of omega-3 fatty acids. However, a diet rich in fish seemed to boost the foetal growth rate in pregnancy. The more fish the women ate, the lower were the rates of restricted foetal growth. Although this association was not as strong when other influential factors - such as smoking - were taken into consideration, it was still significant. Restricted foetal growth normally occurs in one in 10 pregnancies, but in women who ate no fish this increased to around one in eight (13%).

Blood flow
Lead researcher Dr Imogen Rogers said: "Being very small for dates at birth has been associated with increased risk of high blood pressure and other problems in late or middle age. "This work adds to the evidence that fish is an important part of the human diet and reinforces the recommendation that pregnant women should include at least two servings of fish a week. "Including oily fish is a good habit to encourage."
Dr Roberts said it was possible that omega-3 fatty acids helped to boost growth rates by making the blood less sticky and increasing its flow through the placenta, thus upping the amount of nutrition a baby receives from its mother. The researchers point out that trials of fish oil supplements suggest that they lengthen pregnancy but do not boost foetal growth rate - the opposite of their research.
But supplements tend to contain higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids than would be found in the normal diet.
The Food Standards Agency advises pregnant women and prospective mothers to avoid eating shark, marlin and swordfish because they contain relatively higher levels of mercury. They may also need to limit the amount of tuna they eat. Fiona Ford, a research dietician at the Pregnancy and Nutrition Centre at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, told BBC News Online that there were concerns about just what effect pollutants were having on oily fish.
"My advice to pregnant women would be to eat a lot of flax seed, which also contains omega-3 fatty acids, and to eat oily fish once or twice a week," she said. The centre runs a helpline on 0845 1303646.

BBC News - Oily fish 'helps lupus patients'

Tuesday, 11 March, 2003

Eating oily fish can benefit people suffering from the potentially fatal disease lupus, a study suggests.
Researchers in Northern Ireland have found that people with the disease who eat tuna, mackerel and similar fish reduce their symptoms.
Lupus is a disease where the immune system turns on the body's organs and tissues, continually damaging them. This can lead to painful or swollen joints, fever, skin rashes, kidney or heart problems and extreme fatigue.
The condition affects about 40 to 50 people per 100,000, most commonly women around the age of 30. There is no cure for the disease. Patients often take steroids to manage the condition, although these can have significant side effects.
Fish oil supplements
But scientists at the University of Ulster have found evidence to suggest that fish and fish oil supplements could help people with the disease.

They examined a group of patients who took fish oil supplements three times a day for six months.

Increasing dietary intake of the polyunsaturated fats found in fatty fish can have beneficial effects for lupus sufferers

Dr Emeir Duffy
These patients were generally healthier than those in a second group who took dummy pills over the same period. According to the scientists, patients on supplements also had a better quality of life and were less likely to suffer from fatigue.
Dr Emeir Duffy, one of the scientists involved in the study, said: "Participants in the study who were taking fish oil supplements, three times per day for 24 weeks, saw a reduction in disease activity, an improvement in quality of life and reported an overall feeling of improved health by the end of the study compared to those taking a placebo supplement. "Participants taking the fish oil also showed a reduction in fatigue severity, the most debilitating symptom for lupus sufferers."
She said the findings suggested that patients with lupus should consider taking fish oil supplements or eating more oily fish.
Dr Duffy said: "From our study and from other work, there is evidence that increasing dietary intake of the polyunsaturated fats found in fatty fish can have beneficial effects for lupus sufferers. "Good examples of fatty fish include mackerel, lake trout, herring, sardines, tuna and salmon."
Fish oils contain long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids which are essential for normal growth and development but also have anti-inflammatory and anti-autoimmune properties.

BBC News - Oily fish 'prevents heart attacks'

Monday, 26 May, 2003

Eating oily fish like salmon or tuna at least twice a week could prevent a heart attack, a study suggests. Doctors in the United States have found evidence to suggest that the omega-3 or n3 oils in this type of fish can stop dangerous irregular heart rhythms, which can trigger an attack.
The study is the latest to highlight the potential health benefits of eating oily fish or taking supplements. Previous studies have shown that they can protect against heart disease and stroke. Heart boost
Dr Alexander Leaf and colleagues at Harvard Medical School carried out tests on rats to find out exactly how these oils protect the heart.
They examined heart cells taken from unborn rats under the microscope. They found that these cells clump together and beat simultaneously and rhythmically just like a real heart.

Sources of omega-3 oils

herring
kippers
mackerel
pilchards
sardines
salmon
fresh tuna
trout
anchovies

They examined the effects of a variety of substances, including omega-3 oils, on these cells.
They found that the oils could prevent irregular heart beats. They believe the oils block excessive sodium and calcium currents in the heart.
These excessive electrical discharges can cause dangerous and erratic changes in heart rhythm.
Writing in Circulation, the journal of the American Heart Association, they said: "Animal experiments show that fatty acids from n-3 fish oils are stored in the cell membranes of heart cells and can prevent sudden cardiac death or fatal arrhythmias."
The doctors said their findings were backed up by previous studies. They pointed to one of the first studies to show that omega-3 oils can protect the heart, carried out in 1989.
In this study, researchers examined 2,033 men with heart disease who had been told to eat extra fat, fibre or fish. They examined death rates among these men two years later. They found that death rates among those who had been told to eat fish were 29% lower than the other.
Dr Leaf said this suggested that the oils had helped to prevent irregular heart beats and, therefore, heart attacks. Doctors believe that at least half of all heart attack deaths are caused by irregular heart beats.
Dr Leaf suggested that eating fresh or frozen oily fish is the best way of protecting the heart.
The British Heart Foundation recommends that everyone eats at least two portions of oily fish each week.

BBC News - Fish oil 'cuts' heart risk

Monday, 8 April, 2002

Fish oil supplements can halve the risk of sudden death among heart patients, research suggests.
The crucial ingredients are omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to have a range of positive effects on health.

This study is important because there is no really effective therapy for arrhythmias Dr Alexander Leaf They are found in oily fish such as tuna, salmon and mackerel.
Italian researchers investigated the effect of eating the fatty acids in a study of more than 11,000 heart attack survivors. They found that a one gram daily dose was enough to significantly reduce the risk of death from a sudden heart attack by 42%.

The fatty acid appears to reduce the problem of irregular heartbeats in patients who have a condition called cardiac arrhythmia.

Healthy Diet
Chief researcher Dr Roberto Martial, from the Consortia Mario Negroid Sod research institute in Santa Maria Embargo, Italy, said: "The risk of death, and sudden death, is higher in the first months after a heart attack.
"It is exactly in this period that the effect on sudden death was noted." By the end of the of the three-year study the risk of sudden death was about 2% for people who took the supplements and 2.7% for those who did not.
The study participants all ate a healthy Mediterranean-style diet rich in fruits, vegetables, olive oil and fish.
Yet those who took the fish oil supplements still had fewer deaths than those who did not, the study found. The exact mechanism by which fatty acids protect the heart is not known.
However, it has been shown that fatty acids play an important role in regulating the electrical activity of heart muscle cells.

One theory is that irregular heartbeat is linked to an imbalance of omega-3 and another fatty acid called omega-6, which is found in plant seed cooking oils. No current treatments Dr Alexander Leaf, professor of clinical medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston, who wrote an accompanying article about the findings, said: "This study is important because there is no really effective therapy for arrhythmias." The health benefits of omega-3s first became apparent when scientists studied the Inuit people of Greenland in the 1970s.
As a group, the Inuit suffered far less from diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, psoriasis and heart disease than their European counterparts.
Yet their diet was very high in fat from eating whale, seal, and salmon. Eventually researchers realised that these foods were all rich in omega-3 fatty acids. The research is published in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association.

Eating fish have health benefits, especially benefits of omega 3 oil. The diet of fish health benefits can be attributed to omega-3.

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