Coho Salmon, info by Fairbanks Fishery Resources Office Topics on this page: General Description Egg Stage Alevin Stage Fry Stage Smolt Stage Ocean Stage Spawning Stage General Description The coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, is the second largest of the Pacific salmon. These fish can reach lengths of 35 inches, and weights of up to 36 pounds. The other common name for this fish is silver salmon. In the ocean, coho salmon have dark metallic blue or greenish backs with silver sides and a light belly. There are small black spots on the back and upper lobe of the tail. The gumline in the lower jaw has lighter pigment than that found in the chinook salmon. Spawning fish in Interior rivers are dark with reddish-maroon coloration on the sides. Males develop a strongly hooked snout and large teeth. Range And Abundance Coho salmon can be found from Monterey Bay in California to Point Hope in the Chukchi Sea. They range east in Interior rivers across the Alaska-Yukon border. They are found west to the Anadyr River in Siberia, and south along the coast of Asia to Japan. Coho salmon populations are less numerous than chum, pink and sockeye salmon, but they are still considered a relatively abundant fish. Life History Coho salmon enter spawning streams from August through November where they school in pools or lakes for a number of weeks. Spawning takes place from late September through January in shallow tributaries with gravel bottoms. The female digs several gravel nests, called redds, and deposits between 2,400 to 4,500 eggs in them. Fry emerge from the redd in May or June and remain in fresh water from one to four winters before going to sea. Coho salmon smolts tend to stay close to shore at first, feeding on plankton. As they grow larger, they move farther out into the ocean and switch to a diet of small fish. Coho salmon can stay at sea for two to three years. Economic Importance High quality, troll-caught coho salmon are frequently frozen whole and sold as a delicacy in Europe. Coho salmon are also extremely important as a sport fish in the state. They are pursued by anglers both in marine and freshwater systems, adding millions of dollars annually to the state's economy. Cultural Importance Coho salmon are an important subsistence fish for native people living along Alaska's coast and interior rivers. These fish are harvested with gill nets, beach seines and fish wheels and are eaten fresh, smoked, and canned. Egg Coho salmon produce between 1,500 to 5,700 eggs depending on the size of the fish. These are deposited in a series of long gravel nests, called redds, dug by the female fish. The eggs usually hatch in six to seven weeks. Low oxygen levels, water pollution, and predation by fish, insects and birds are all threats at this stage. Excess sediment in the water is extremely dangerous as it can smother eggs or cover the redd trapping fish inside. Alevin A newly hatched salmon is called an alevin. At this stage, it looks like a thread with eyes and a huge yolk sack which provides all nutrition for the fish in the first weeks of its life. Coho salmon alevins remain in the redd until the yolk sac is absorbed, then they emerge as free-swimming fry in May or June. Alevin require cold, clear, oxygen-rich water. Excessive sediment in the water is one of the greatest dangers to salmon at this stage. It can reduce oxygen levels and cover the top of the redd, trapping the tiny fish inside. Aquatic insects and other fish are an alevin's primary predators. Fry Coho salmon fry usually stay in fresh water for two years in the Yukon River drainage. Some fish in other areas may spend only six months in fresh water or, as in the Karluk River, up to four years. Young coho salmon establish a territory in a pool that they defend aggressively from all other fish. Their parr marks (bars and spots along their sides) help them hide among the cover provided by rocks, stumps, undercut banks and overhanging vegetation. Coho salmon fry feed almost entirely from the water's surface on insects and spiders. As they grow larger, they can be a serious predator of young sockeye salmon fry. Smolt Many physical changes occur in a young salmon to help it make the transition from a freshwater to saltwater existence. This process is called smolting. As the time for migration to the sea approaches, the coho salmon fry replaces its parr marks, a pattern of vertical bars and spots useful for camouflaging the fish in fresh water, with the dark back and light belly coloration useful to fish living in open water. The fish's gills and kidneys begin to change so that they can process salt water. Coho salmon smolts remain close to shore for several months feeding primarily on plankton. They gradually move into deeper, saltier water, and switch to a diet of small fish. Ocean Adult Most Alaskan coho salmon spend 2 to 3 years in saltwater. During their ocean existence, their diet is 70% to 80% fish- primarily herring and sand lance. Some fish migrate only a short distance into good feeding areas, and stay there; others travel extensively. Coho salmon from California to British Columbia tend to travel north and spend the summer along the central Alaskan coast. Most Alaskan fish are thought to make one complete circuit of the north Pacific Ocean each year following a counter clockwise path with the prevailing currents. As ocean temperatures increase in summer, the fish move north throughout the north Pacific Ocean and into the Bering Sea. Most of these fish winter well south of the Gulf of Alaska. Spawning Stage Coho salmon may return to spawn anytime between August and December. The winter spawning generally occurs in the southern part of the fish's range, with progressively earlier spawning returns to the north. Most coho salmon spawn in streams along the coast, but there are exceptions. Some coho salmon migrate more than 240 km up Interior rivers to spawn. Coho salmon in the Yukon River drainage have been found spawning near Old Crow on the Porcupine River- more than 2,200 from the sea. The fish select spawning sites with high water flow through the gravel which will provide plenty of oxygen for their eggs. Once a female salmon selects a spawning site, she rapidly pumps her tail to wash out a depression in the stream gravels. After the eggs are laid and fertilized, the female uses the same tail movements to completely cover the eggs with gravel. Over several days, she will lay several more pockets of eggs like this in a line upstream. Text by USFWS staff Graphics by Canada Department of Fisheries & Oceans Pacific Region Communications Branch Last modified 25 July, 2001